List of Presidents of the Philippines

Malacañang Palace, the official residence of the president

The official Presidential Seal. The Standard bears a gold ring of stars.^[1]

The President of the Philippines is the head of state governing the country. According to the Philippine government, the office has been held by politicians who were inaugurated as President of the Philippines following the ratification of a constitution that explicitly declared the existence of the Philippines.

For leaders of the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, see Datu. For leaders prior to the ratification of the 1899 constitution, see Royal Governor of the Philippines. For leaders prior to the ratification of the 1935 constitution, see Governor-General of the Philippines.

The King of Spain was the head of state during the Spanish era (1565–1898) and the President of the United States was the head of state during the American era (1898–1946). Note that the presidents under the Commonwealth of the Philippines were under United States sovereignty, and that the president of the Second Republic is considered to have been running a puppet government of the Japanese during World War II although this puppet government of Jose P. Laurel during the Japanese occupation was officially considered independent by the Japanese. Thus the Philippines had three Presidents during that war - one de facto and two de jure, and two at the same time.^[2]

Emilio Aguinaldo's government wasn't officially recognized by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines until the term of Diosdado Macapagal.^[3]

The colors in the following chart indicate the political party or coalition of each President at Election Day or at the time of ascendancy.

Legend

List of presidents

#	President			Took office	Left office	Party	Vice President	Term	Era
1			Emilio Aguinaldo	January 23, 1899[L 1]	April 1, 1901[L 2]	Independent (Formerly Katipunan,[L 3] Magdalo faction)	Mariano Trias Abolished	—	First Republic (Malolos Republic)
Abolished Due to the leadership of the Governors of the Philippine Islands from April 1, 1901 to November 15, 1935.
2			Manuel L. Quezon	November 15, 1935	August 1, 1944[L 4]	Nacionalista	Sergio Osmeña	1	Commonwealth
								2
3			José P. Laurel	October 14, 1943	August 17, 1945[L 5]	KALIBAPI[L 6] (Caretaker government under Japanese occupation)	none (The 1943 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President)	—	Second Republic
4			Sergio Osmeña	August 1, 1944	May 28, 1946	Nacionalista	vacant	2	Commonwealth (Restored)
5			Manuel Roxas	May 28, 1946	April 15, 1948[L 7]	Liberal	Elpidio Quirino	3
									Third Republic
6			Elpidio Quirino	April 17, 1948	December 30, 1953		vacant
							Fernando Lopez	4
7			Ramon Magsaysay	December 30, 1953	March 17, 1957[L 8]	Nacionalista	Carlos P. Garcia	5
8			Carlos P. Garcia	March 18, 1957	December 30, 1961		vacant
							Diosdado Macapagal	6
9			Diosdado Macapagal	December 30, 1961	December 30, 1965	Liberal	Emmanuel Pelaez	7
10			Ferdinand Marcos	December 30, 1965	February 25, 1986[L 9]	Nacionalista	Fernando Lopez	8
								9
						Kilusang Bagong Lipunan	vacant		Second Dictatorship "The New Society"
								10	Fourth Republic
							Arturo Tolentino	11
11			Corazon Aquino	February 25, 1986[L 10]	June 30, 1992	PDP-LABAN / UNIDO	Salvador Laurel
									Fifth Republic
12			Fidel V. Ramos	June 30, 1992	June 30, 1998	Lakas–NUCD–UMDP	Joseph E. Estrada	12
13			Joseph Estrada	June 30, 1998	January 20, 2001[L 11]	PMP (Under Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino coalition)	Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo	13
14			Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo	January 20, 2001	June 30, 2010	Lakas–CMD / KAMPI	vacant
							Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
						Lakas Kampi CMD (Under Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan coalition)	Noli de Castro	14
15			Benigno Aquino III	June 30, 2010	Incumbent	Liberal	Jejomar Binay	15

Notes

1. ↑ Term began with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
2. ↑ Term ended when Aguinaldo pledged allegiance to the United States after his capture at Palanan, Isabela.
3. ↑ Founded by Andrés Bonifacio and others on July 7, 1892; converted into a revolutionary government by Bonifacio on August 24, 1986; as a government, officially replaced by the Tejeros revolutionary government on March 22, 1897 - though some sectors refused cooperation; as an organization, officially abolished by Emilio Aguinaldo on July 15, 1898
4. ↑ Died due to tuberculosis at Saranac Lake, New York.
5. ↑ Term ended with his dissolving the Philippine Republic in the wake of the surrender of Japanese forces to the Americans at World War II.
6. ↑ Originally a Nacionalista, but was elected by the National Assembly under Japanese control. All parties were merged under Japanese auspices to form Kalibapi, to which all officials belonged.
7. ↑ Died due to a heart attack at Clark Air Base.
8. ↑ Died on a plane crash at Mount Manunggal, Cebu.
9. ↑ Deposed in the 1986 People Power Revolution.
10. ↑ Assumed presidency by claiming victory in the disputed 1986 snap election.
11. ↑ Deposed after the Supreme Court declared Estrada as resigned, and the office of the presidency as vacant as a result, after the 2001 EDSA Revolution.

Statistics

• Vice Presidents who succeeded to the Presidency
  1. Sergio Osmeña (1944)
  2. Elpidio Quirino (1948)
  3. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
  4. Diosdado Macapagal (1961)
  5. Joseph E. Estrada (1998)
  6. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

• Presidents who have been re-elected
  1. Manuel L. Quezon (1941)
  2. Ferdinand Marcos (1969, 1981)

• Presidents who were elected when serving the remaining term of predecessor
  1. Elpidio Quirino (1949)
  2. Carlos P. Garcia (1957)
  3. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001)

• Longest serving President: Ferdinand Marcos, 7,362 days
• Shortest serving President: Sergio Osmeña, 665 days

Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

see: List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines

Historians and other figures have identified the following people as having held the presidency of a government intended to represent the Philippines, but their terms of office are not counted by the Philippine government as part of the presidential succession.

References

See also

• President of the Philippines
  • List of Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines
• Vice President of the Philippines
  • List of Vice Presidents of the Philippines
• Prime Minister of the Philippines (presently defunct)
• Seal of the President of the Philippines
• List of current heads of state and government

External links

• Office of the President of the Philippines
• Philippine Heads of State Timeline at www.worldstatesmen.org
• The Philippine Presidency Project